8th Class English Notes (Unit-7) Federal FBISE and KPK Board

This section of 8th Class English Notes (Unit-7) provides:

• English text with easy Urdu translation (by expert native translators).
• Solved exercise and given tasks.
• Comprehension.
• SLO based notes.

8th Class English Notes (Unit-7) Robotics – Image Description

The image is taken from the lesson “Robotics”. It is a combination of different pictures. Each picture shows a different scene of robots and human activities on Mars.

Here is a detailed description of each section:

1. Top Left: A Mars rover, similar to the ones used by NASA, is navigating the Martian surface. It’s equipped with cameras, solar panels, and scientific instruments to study the terrain.
2. Top Right: An artistic depiction of a Mars rover in an explosion. This could symbolize the risks and challenges involved in space missions.
3. Middle Left: An astronaut in a spacesuit is walking near a Mars base. The base consists of dome-shaped habitats and a large communication dish, representing future human colonization efforts.
4. Middle Right: A scenic view of Mars’ landscape with its rocky terrain and possibly one of its moons (Phobos or Deimos) visible in the sky.
5. Bottom: A Mars lander is descending onto the surface, kicking up dust. This illustrates the landing phase of a Mars mission.

Let us now try to understand the concept of robots and their role in the modern world.

What is a Robot?

A Robots is a machine designed to perform tasks autonomously or with minimal human intervention. Robots can be controlled by external inputs or programmed for specific functions.

What Are Different Types of Robots?

Robots are divided into different types and categories according to their use and functions. Here are some of their types:

Types of Robots:

Industrial Robots: These robots are used in manufacturing for tasks like welding, painting, and assembly.

Service Robots: This type of robots assists humans in daily life tasks like cleaning, security, and healthcare.

Exploration Robots: These are highly advanced robots. They are specially designed for the purposes of research and exploration. Exploration robots are used in space and deep-sea exploration, like the Mars rovers.

Medical Robots: These super advanced robots assist humans in the field of medicine. They are used in surgeries and patient care.

What Missions Have Been Sent to Mars So Far?

Scientists have always been curious to find the signs of life on other planets in our solar system, especially on Mars. This never-ending curiosity has ed to them send various exploration missions, under different names, to Mars.

These Martian exploration missions have contributed significantly to our understanding of Mars. Organizations like NASA and SpaceX of Elon Musk are now planning to develop human colonies on the red planet.

Here is a brief historical detail of all the space missions sent to Mars so far:

Rovers

1. Sojourner

• Mission: Mars Pathfinder
• Launch Date: December 4, 1996
• Landing Date: July 4, 1997
• Description: Sojourner was the first rover to operate on Mars. It was small, about the size of a microwave oven, and part of the Mars Pathfinder mission. It performed basic experiments and provided important data on Martian soil and atmosphere.

2. Spirit

• Mission: Mars Exploration Rover (MER)
• Launch Date: June 10, 2003
• Landing Date: January 4, 2004
• Description: Spirit explored Mars’ surface and analyzed rocks and soils to understand past water activity. It operated far beyond its planned 90-sol mission, lasting until 2010.

3. Opportunity

• Mission: Mars Exploration Rover (MER)
• Launch Date: July 7, 2003
• Landing Date: January 25, 2004
• Description: Opportunity, Spirit’s twin, also searched for signs of past water. It operated for almost 15 years, providing extensive data on the Martian surface and its history.

4. Curiosity

• Mission: Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)
• Launch Date: November 26, 2011
• Landing Date: August 6, 2012
• Description: Curiosity is a larger, more advanced rover equipped with a suite of scientific instruments to study Mars’ climate and geology. Its primary mission is to determine if Mars ever had conditions suitable for life.

5. Perseverance

• Mission: Mars 2020
• Launch Date: July 30, 2020
• Landing Date: February 18, 2021
• Description: Perseverance builds on Curiosity’s design with new technology for a more precise landing and advanced scientific instruments. It focuses on searching for signs of ancient life and collecting samples for potential return to Earth.

6. Zhurong

• Mission: Tianwen-1
• Launch Date: July 23, 2020
• Landing Date: May 14, 2021
• Description: Zhurong is China’s first Mars rover. It studies the Martian surface, atmosphere, and climate, searching for signs of water ice. It carries instruments like ground-penetrating radar and a weather station.

Orbiters

7. Mars Odyssey

• Launch Date: April 7, 2001
• Description: Mars Odyssey has been mapping the composition of the Martian surface, detecting water and ice, and serving as a relay station for other Mars missions. It is the longest-serving spacecraft in orbit around Mars.

8. Mars Express

• Launch Date: June 2, 2003
• Description: Mars Express is the European Space Agency’s first planetary mission. It carries a variety of scientific instruments to study the Martian atmosphere, surface, and subsurface. Its radar has provided insights into the presence of water ice.

Other Notable Missions

9. Mars Polar Lander

• Launch Date: January 3, 1999
• Landing Attempt: December 3, 1999
• Description: The Mars Polar Lander aimed to study the Martian polar regions. Unfortunately, communication was lost during descent, and the mission was considered a failure.

10. Viking 1

• Launch Date: August 20, 1975
• Landing Date: July 20, 1976
• Description: Viking 1 was part of NASA’s Viking program, which consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was the first successful Mars lander and conducted experiments to search for signs of life, analyze the Martian soil, and capture high-resolution images of the surface.

Conclusion

Unit #7 of 8th Class English Notes titled “Robotics” is about robots and their impact on human life in a vide sphere. It is then divided into two sections; one particularly about Mars, and other covers the use of robots in human life.

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